Descriere
It is difficult to capture one’s life in a few words, a few photographs or even a book. The papers in the present volume will hopefully reflect a part of Clive Bonsall’s scientific interests during a career that has started some 45 years ago. Their diversity is impressive: from radiocarbon dating, environmental changes, human-environment interactions, funerary behaviour, to paleogenetics and stable isotopes, reconstruction of ancient diets and obsidian sourcing, most of them in close connection to the hunter-gatherer and first farmer communities of Europe. His studies stretched over a large geographical area, focusing recently mainly around the Balkans and the neighbouring regions. He has conducted fieldwork in Britain, Scotland, Romania and Slovenia, edited 9 books and published over 160 papers, book-chapters, notes, as well as book and paper reviews. His main publications include: “The Mesolithic in Europe” (1989), “The Human Use of Caves” (1997), “The Iron Gates in Prehistory” (2008), “Submerged Prehistory” (2011) and “Not Just for Show: The Archaeology of Beads, Beadwork and Personal Ornaments” (2017).
His substantial work in southeastern Europe is reflected by his long-standing collaboration and friendship with many Romanian and Bulgarian archaeologists, and has received due recognition: Clive Bonsall is an Honorary Member of both the “Vasile Pârvan” Institute of Archaeology in Bucharest and the National Institute of Archaeology with Museum in Sofia. His contribution to the archaeology of the Iron Gates has earned him the recognition of the Serbian archaeologists working in the area. His many other research interests and personal collaborations are also reflected in the present volume.
We are grateful to all our contributors: colleagues and friends, new and old, former students and collaborators whose archaeological interests met Clive’s if only briefly. We were happy to see that so many of us were able to mobilize in such a short time. We would like to thank all those who answered our call and at a time when every minute of our professional lives is carefully planned in advance, helped us put together this volume in less than a year. They have endured and complied with our constant deadline reminders and requests, checked and re-checked their manuscripts in record times, gracefully complying with the comments and suggestions from the reviewers, and were most patient with our editorial work.
Each paper was submitted to a double reviewing. We would like to also thank our colleagues from various disciplines who accepted to anonymously review the contributions. Their hard and serious work significantly improved the overall content of the volume.
The outcome has exceeded our most optimistic expectation: a volume that geographically covers almost the entire European continent, from Britain to Russia and Greece and touches on most important issues of hunter-gather adaptions through time. A volume brought together by chronological landmarks (the end of the Pleistocene and the beginning of the Holocene) and geographical areas but also by common approaches to issues such as human-animal interactions, exploitation and use of raw materials, and subsistence strategies.
We chose to organize the papers on three main sections, while within the respective theme they follow in chronological succession. The archaeology of the Iron Gates opens the volume, given Clive Bonsall’s substantial contribution to the local early prehistory. The eight contributions cover a large range of subjects, from physical anthropology (Andrei Soficaru), re-interpretation of earlier excavations and the subsequent collections (Adina Boroneanț), stone artefacts (Dragana Antonović, Vidan Dimić, Andrej Starović and Dušan Borić) to the study of faunal remains and subsequent paleo-dietary issues (Adrian Bălășescu, Adina Boroneanț and Valentin Radu; Dragana Filipović, Jelena Jovanović and Dragana Rančić; Ivana Živaljević, Vesna Dimitrijević and Sofija Stefanović), and osseous industries (Monica Mărgărit and Adina Boroneanț; Selena Vitezović). These studies illustrate the still immense research potential of the Iron Gates region despite the fact that most of the sites have been flooded many decades ago.
During the editing of the volume it became obvious that while some of the contributions focused on the evidence from a certain site, others were more of a regional synthesis. This latter section begins with a most interesting paper bringing together world history and underwater archaeology (Jonathan Benjamin and Geoff Bailey). The following nine articles deal with subjects such as social inequalities seen through the study of burial practices (Judith M. Grünberg), lifeways, adaptations and subsistence strategies of the early prehistoric communities (Agathe Reingruber; Mihael Budja; Annie Brown and Haskel Greenfield; Kenneth Ritchie), raw materials acquisition and exploitation (Tomasz Płonka, Maria Gurova, Eva David), exploitation, management and trade of “exotic” goods (Vassil Nikolov).
The nine papers focusing on individual sites present case studies that illustrate the nature of the current research, the rich opportunities offered by the growing range of scientific techniques and their applications to existing collections. This series of papers starts at Zemunica Cave on the coast of the Eastern Adriatic (Siniša Radović and Ankica Oros Sršen), explores the Mesolithic occupations at Malga Rondenetto (Paolo Biagi, Elisabetta Starnini and Renato Nisbet) and Grotta dell’Edera (Barbara Voytek) in Italy, the Mesolithic ornamented weapons of Motala in Sweden (Lars Larsson and Fredrik Molin), ending this Mesolithic journey among the shell middens on the western coast of Scotland (Catriona Pickard). The transition to the Neolithic happens among the beaver tools at Zamojste 2 in Russia (Olga Lozovskaya, Charlotte Leduc and Louis Chaix). The Neolithic Age finds us further south into Bulgaria, exploring the pitfields of Sarnevo (Krum Bacvarov and John Gorczyk) and the gold of Varna (Tanya Dzhanfezova), while during the Bronze Age roe deer hunting is resurrected at Paks-Gyapa in Hungary (László Bartosiewicz and Erika Gál).
The volume presents altogether new results in recent research and new information resulted from the study of old collections. We also hope it points out directions for future research.
It is with great joy that we present Clive Bonsall this volume, as a token of both our appreciation and friendship, for his contributions to the Early Prehistory of Europe in general, and of Southeastern Europe in special.
The Editors
Content
CONTENTS
EDITORIAL / 9
CLIVE BONSALL – SOME YEARS AFTER / 11
PUBLICATIONS OF CLIVE BONSALL / 13
THE EARLY PREHISTORY OF THE IRON GATES / 23
Andrei Dorian Soficaru – Pathological conditions of the human skeleton from Climente II Cave, Romania / 25
Adina Boroneanț – Răzvrata revisited. A supplementary account of the excavation / 45
Adrian Bălășescu, Adina Boroneanț, Valentin Radu – Animal exploitation at the Mesolithic site of Răzvrata, Romania / 65
Monica Mărgărit, Adina Boroneanț – The Mesolithic osseous industry from Răzvrata (the Iron Gates region) / 81
Dragana Filipović, Jelena Jovanović, Dragana Rančić – In search of plants in the diet of Mesolithic-Neolithic communities in the Iron Gates / 93
Ivana Živaljević, Vesna Dimitrijević, Sofija Stefanović – Faunal remains from Kula, a Mesolithic-Neolithic site at the exit of the Danube Gorges (Serbia) / 113
Dragana Antonović, Vidan Dimić, Andrej Starović, Dušan Borić – Ground stone artefacts from Aria Babi / 135
Selena Vitezović – The Early Neolithic osseous industry in the Iron Gates region / 149
REGIONAL STUDIES / 167
Jonathan Benjamin, Geoff Bailey – Coastal adaptations and submerged landscapes: where world prehistory meets underwater archaeology / 169
Judith M. Grünberg – Women and men in Mesolithic burials: inequalities in early postglacial hunter-gatherer-fisher societies / 185
Agathe Reingruber – Foragers, Fishers and Farmers in the Aegean (12,000–6000 cal BC) / 203
Tomasz Płonka – Ornamented hunting weapons from the Late Palaeolithic in the southern Baltic Basin / 217
Éva David – No Maglemosian bone tools in Mesolithic Norway so far! / 229
Mihael Budja – Ceramic technology inventions in Europe and Asia / 245
Maria Gurova – Geometric microliths from Holocene sequences in Bulgaria / 273
Annie Brown, Haskel Greenfield – Deer Season: hunting seasonality during the Neolithic in the central Balkans / 295
Vassil Nikolov – Fortified settlements in the valleys of the Rivers Provadiyska, Golyama Kamchia, and Luda Kamchia (northeast Bulgaria) in the context of Chalcolithic economy / 317
Kenneth Ritchie – Mixing copper and water: the aquatic focus of Chalcolithic Romania / 329
SITE STUDIES / 339
Siniša Radović, Ankica Oros Sršen – Subsistence change in the eastern Adriatic hinterland during the Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene: Archaeozoology of Zemunica Cave (Croatia) / 341
Paolo Biagi, Elisabetta Starnini, Renato Nisbet – Malga Rondeneto: A high
altitude Sauveterrian camp in the Central Italian Alps and the Boreal Mesolithic settlement pattern
in the region / 367
Barbara Voytek – A Sense of Place: the Mesolithic Occupation of Grotta dell’Edera,
Northern Italy / 385
Lars Larsson, Fredrik Molin – Symbols in the Late Mesolithic. Ornaments on bone and antler from Strandvägen, Motala, in Central Sweden / 395
Catriona Pickard – Prehistoric Shellfish Exploitation in Coastal Western Scotland: the shell assemblages from Carding Mill Bay / 409
Olga Lozovskaya, Charlotte Leduc, Louis Chaix – Beaver mandible tools during the Late Mesolithic and the Early Neolithic at Zamostje 2 (the Upper Volga region, Russia) / 425
Krum Bacvarov, John Gorczyk – The ritual package at the Neolithic pit field of Sarnevo, south-central Bulgaria / 439
Tanya Dzhanfezova – The importance of being earliest: the AMS dating
of the Late Chalcolithic Varna I / 453
László Bartosiewicz, Erika Gál – Resurrecting roe deer: skeletal weight ratios
at prehistoric Paks–Gyapa, Hungary / 465
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
List of Contributors
Dragana Antonović, Institute of Archaeology, Belgrade, d.antonovic@ai.ac.rs
Krum Bacvarov, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, National Institute of Archaeology and Museum, Sofia, krum.bacvarov@gmail.com
Geoff Bailey, University of York, Department of Archaeology, geoff.bailey@york.ac.uk
Adrian Bălășescu, Romanian Academy, “Vasile Pârvan” Institute of Archaeology, Bucharest, a.balasescu@gmail.com
László Bartosiewicz, Stockholm University, Osteoarchaeological Research Laboratory, laszlo.bartosiewicz@ofl.su.se
Jonathan Benjamin, Flinders University of South Australia, College of Humanities, Arts & Social Sciences, Adelaide, jonathan.benjamin@flinders.edu.au
Paolo Biagi, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, Department of Humanities, pavelius@unive.it
Dušan Borić, Columbia University, The Italian Academy for Advanced Studies in America, New York City, db2128@columbia.edu
Adina Boroneanț, Romanian Academy, “Vasile Pârvan” Institute of Archaeology, Bucharest, boro30@gmail.com
Annie Brown, University of Manitoba and St. Paul’s College, Department of Anthropology, Winnipeg, Annie.Brown@umanitoba.ca
Mihael Budja, University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Arts, Department of Archaeology, Slovenia, Mihael.Budja@ff.uni-lj.si
Louis Chaix, Museum d’Histoire Naturelle, Genève, louis.chaix@bluewin.ch
Éva David, CNRS UMR 7041-AnTET Anthropologie des techniques, des espaces et des territoires, Nanterre, eva.david@cnrs.fr
Vidan Dimić, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Philosophy, vidandimic@rocketmail.com
Vesna Dimitrijević, University of Novi Sad, BioSense Institute; University of Belgrade, Faculty of Philosophy, Laboratory for Bioarchaeology, vdimitri@f.bg.ac.rs
Tanya Dzhanfezova, ‘St Cyril and St Methodius’ University of Veliko Tarnovo, dzhanfezova@yahoo.com
Dragana Filipović, Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Institute for Balkan Studies, Belgrade, drfilipovic12@gmail.com
Erika Gál, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Archaeology, Budapest, gal.erika@btk.mta.hu
John Gorczyk, Cornell University, Department of Anthropology, jmg433@cornell.edu
Haskel Greenfield, University of Manitoba and St. Paul’s College, Department of Anthropology, Winnipeg, Haskel.greenfield@umanitoba.ca
Judith M. Grünberg, Landesamt für Denkmalpflege und Archäologie Sachsen-Anhalt – Landesmuseum für Vorgeschichte, Haale (Saale), JGruenberg@lda.stk.sachsen-anhalt.de
Maria Gurova, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, National Institute of Archaeology with Museum, Prehistory Department, Sofia, gurova.maria@gmail.com
Jelena Jovanović, University of Novi Sad, BioSense Institute, jelena.jovanovic@biosense.rs
Lars Larsson, Lund University, Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, Lars.Larsson@ark.lu.se
Charlotte Leduc, Inrap Grand-Est, Nanterre, charlotte.leduc@inrap.fr
Olga Lozovskaya, Institute for the History of Material Culture RAS, St. Petersburg, olozamostje@gmail.com
Monica Mărgărit, Valahia University of Târgoviște, History Department, monicamargarit@yahoo.com
Fredrik Molin, National Historical Museums, Roxengatan, fredrik.molin@shmm.se
Vassil Nikolov, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, National Institute of Archaeology with Museum, Sofia, vassil.nikolov@abv.bg
Renato Nisbet, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice. Department of Asian and North African Studies, renato.nisbet@unive.it
Ankica Oros Sršen, Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Institute for Quaternary Palaeontology and Geology, Zagreb, aos@hazu.hr
Catriona Pickard, University of Edinburgh, School of History, Classics and Archaeology, Catriona.Pickard@ed.ac.uk
Tomasz Płonka, University of Wrocław, Institute of Archaeology, tomasz.plonka@uwr.edu.pl
Siniša Radović, Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Institute for Quaternary Palaeontology and Geology, Zagreb, sradovic@hazu.hr
Valentin Radu, National Museum or Romanian History, Bucharest, valipeste@yahoo.com
Dragana Rančić, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Agriculture, rancicd@agrif.bg.ac.rs
Agathe Reingruber, Freie Universität Berlin, Institut für Prähistorische Archäologie, agathe.reingruber@fu-berlin.de
Kenneth Ritchie, Moesgaard Museum, Aarhus, Denmark; ZBSA Schleswig, Germany, kcritchie@hotmail.com
Andrei Dorian Soficaru, Romanian Academy, “Fr. J. Rainer” Institute of Anthropology, Bucharest, asoficaru@yahoo.com
Elisabetta Starnini, Turin University, School of Humanistic Sciences, elisabetta.starnini@unito.it
Andrej Starović, National Museum, Belgrade, a.starovic@narodnimuzej.rs
Sofija Stefanović, University of Novi Sad, BioSense Institute; University of Belgrade. Faculty of Philosophy, Laboratory for Bioarchaeology, sofija.stefanovic@biosense.rs
Selena Vitezović, Institute of Archaeology, Belgrade, s.vitezovic@ai.ac.rs
Barbara Voytek, University of California, Berkeley, bvoytek@berkeley.edu
Ivana Živaljević, University of Novi Sad, BioSense Institute, ivana.zivaljevic@biosense.rs
CLIVE BONSALL – SOME YEARS AFTER
When Clive Bonsall came to Romania in 1991, I was taking an undergraduate degree in computers and wasn’t even considering becoming an archaeologist. Together with my mother and brother, I used to accompany my father Vasile Boroneanț every year on his summer digs at Schela Cladovei. It was just over a year after the fall of the communist regime in Romania, and everybody at the site was waiting impatiently the arrival of a team of archaeologists from Great Britain, who were coming to visit the site and perhaps start a joint research project. It must have been past mid-night of the expected day when my father woke us up – because the “English” had arrived…. Four very tired people (Clive Bonsall, Kathleen McSweeney, Sue Stalibrass and Mark Macklin – and not all “English”) in a Land Rover but still managing to smile… They had spent 10 hours at the border between Hungary and Romania and their first encounter with Romanian cuisine had been carp-head soup (the only thing available on the menu) in Arad…. I believe Clive still remembers the fish-heads sticking out of the large bowl (obviously a reminder of the Lepenski Vir sculpted boulders…).
The visit at the site went well and the next year the research project commenced, but not unventfully. It must have been sheer passion for archaeology and keen interest for the Iron Gates Mesolithic that made Clive come back the second year, after having (during the previous first year) the minibus tyres slashed several times by the curious and mischievous Schela Cladovei lads, bits of the flotation equipment vanishing into thin air and two pairs of his new Levis jeans (a rarity in Romania in those days) mysteriously disappearing from his room at the youth camp in Gura Văii…..Not to mention the breaking down of the minibus in a country where there were no spare parts for western cars.
Still, here he is, working in Romania, 26 years later…
And following the first four years of the Schela Cladovei project I had switched to a degree in archaeology (and Clive bears much of the blame…). And we are still excavating at Schela Cladovei…and at least Clive looks unchanged… It is his dedication to the archaeology of the area that has made this second research project possible, project going on successfully for over ten years now.
As it was with me, Clive has influenced the lives of many (older and younger) archaeologists and perhaps future archaeologists. He is an inspiration to our students from the Schela Cladovei excavation and a respected professional among Romanian archaeologists. He has always been ready to help my fellow colleagues, whether it was field work, collecting samples, editing or mere professional advice, although such work had rarely anything to do with the archaeology of the Iron Gates. But during his entire activity in this area, he acted as a “human bridge” between Romanian, Bulgarian and Serbian archaeologies, facilitating professional exchanges, easing the access to modern technologies, information and publications.
Clive Bonsall was/is equally interested in other geographical areas and research topics of European (and not only…) archaeology, and the number of people contributing to this volume testify to the impact he had on individuals and archaeologies elsewhere outside Romania.
This may not be the typical introduction to a Festschrift volume… but then, Clive is not a typical person. Rather cynical but warm hearted underneath, with a wonderful (and at times very dry) sense of humour, and great charm (when he wants it…) he makes a great project co-director and fellow-worker.
I can only but hope that our collaboration would go on for many years from now and that we’ll get to see the end of the Schela Cladovei trench we started before we both retire!
Bucharest, September 2017
Adina Boroneanț
Editorial
It is difficult to capture one’s life in a few words, a few photographs or even a book. The papers in the present volume will hopefully reflect a part of Clive Bonsall’s scientific interests during a career that has started some 45 years ago. Their diversity is impressive: from radiocarbon dating, environmental changes, human–environment interactions, funerary behaviour, to paleogenetics and stable isotopes, reconstruction of ancient diets and obsidian sourcing, most of them in close connection to the hunter-gatherer and first farmer communities of Europe. His studies stretched over a large geographical area, focusing recently mainly around the Balkans and the neighbouring regions. He has conducted fieldwork in Britain, Scotland, Romania and Slovenia, edited 9 books and published over 160 papers, book-chapters, notes, as well as book and paper reviews. His main publications include: „The Mesolithic in Europe” (1989), „The Human Use of Caves” (1997), „The Iron Gates in Prehistory” (2008), „Submerged Prehistory” (2011) and „Not Just for Show: The Archaeology of Beads, Beadwork and Personal Ornaments” (2017).
His substantial work in southeastern Europe is reflected by his long-standing collaboration and friendship with many Romanian and Bulgarian archaeologists, and has received due recognition: Clive Bonsall is an Honorary Member of both the “Vasile Pârvan” Institute of Archaeology in Bucharest and the National Institute of Archaeology with Museum in Sofia. His contribution to the archaeology of the Iron Gates has earned him the recognition of the Serbian archaeologists working in the area. His many other research interests and personal collaborations are also reflected in the present volume.
We are grateful to all our contributors: colleagues and friends, new and old, former students and collaborators whose archaeological interests met Clive’s if only briefly. We were happy to see that so many of us were able to mobilize in such a short time. We would like to thank all those who answered our call and at a time when every minute of our professional lives is carefully planned in advance, helped us put together this volume in less than a year. They have endured and complied with our constant deadline reminders and requests, checked and re-checked their manuscripts in record times, gracefully complying with the comments and suggestions from the reviewers, and were most patient with our editorial work.
Each paper was submitted to a double reviewing. We would like to also thank our colleagues from various disciplines who accepted to anonymously review the contributions. Their hard and serious work significantly improved the overall content of the volume.
The outcome has exceeded our most optimistic expectation: a volume that geographically covers almost the entire European continent, from Britain to Russia and Greece and touches on most important issues of hunter-gather adaptions through time. A volume brought together by chronological landmarks (the end of the Pleistocene and the beginning of the Holocene) and geographical areas but also by common approaches to issues such as human-animal interactions, exploitation and use of raw materials, and subsistence strategies.
We chose to organize the papers on three main sections, while within the respective theme they follow in chronological succession. The archaeology of the Iron Gates opens the volume, given Clive Bonsall’s substantial contribution to the local early prehistory. The eight contributions cover a large range of subjects, from physical anthropology (Andrei Soficaru), re-interpretation of earlier excavations and the subsequent collections (Adina Boroneanț), stone artefacts (Dragana Antonović, Vidan Dimić, Andrej Starović and Dušan Borić) to the study of faunal remains and subsequent paleo-dietary issues (Adrian Bălășescu, Adina Boroneanț and Valentin Radu; Dragana Filipović, Jelena Jovanović and Dragana Rančić; Ivana Živaljević, Vesna Dimitrijević and Sofija Stefanović), and osseous industries (Monica Mărgărit and Adina Boroneanț; Selena Vitezović). These studies illustrate the still immense research potential of the Iron Gates region despite the fact that most of the sites have been flooded many decades ago.
During the editing of the volume it became obvious that while some of the contributions focused on the evidence from a certain site, others were more of a regional synthesis. This latter section begins with a most interesting paper bringing together world history and underwater archaeology (Jonathan Benjamin and Geoff Bailey). The following nine articles deal with subjects such as social inequalities seen through the study of burial practices (Judith M. Grünberg), lifeways, adaptations and subsistence strategies of the early prehistoric communities (Agathe Reingruber; Mihael Budja; Annie Brown and Haskel Greenfield; Kenneth Ritchie), raw materials acquisition and exploitation (Tomasz Płonka, Maria Gurova, Eva David), exploitation, management and trade of „exotic” goods (Vassil Nikolov).
The nine papers focusing on individual sites present case studies that illustrate the nature of the current research, the rich opportunities offered by the growing range of scientific techniques and their applications to existing collections. This series of papers starts at Zemunica Cave on the coast of the Eastern Adriatic (Siniša Radović and Ankica Oros Sršen), explores the Mesolithic occupations at Malga Rondenetto (Paolo Biagi, Elisabetta Starnini and Renato Nisbet) and Grotta dell’Edera (Barbara Voytek) in Italy, the Mesolithic ornamented weapons of Motala in Sweden (Lars Larsson and Fredrik Molin), ending this Mesolithic journey among the shell middens on the western coast of Scotland (Catriona Pickard). The transition to the Neolithic happens among the beaver tools at Zamojste 2 in Russia (Olga Lozovskaya, Charlotte Leduc and Louis Chaix). The Neolithic Age finds us further south into Bulgaria, exploring the pitfields of Sarnevo (Krum Bacvarov and John Gorczyk) and the gold of Varna (Tanya Dzhanfezova), while during the Bronze Age roe deer hunting is resurrected at Paks–Gyapa in Hungary (László Bartosiewicz and Erika Gál).
The volume presents altogether new results in recent research and new information resulted from the study of old collections. We also hope it points out directions for future research.
It is with great joy that we present Clive Bonsall this volume, as a token of both our appreciation and friendship, for his contributions to the Early Prehistory of Europe in general, and of Southeastern Europe in special.
The Editors